14.1 “WITH” AND “WITHOUT”
“With” and “without” are likewise formed with suffixes in Turkish, which are added to nouns.
14.1.1 “With” – the suffix “-li”
The suffix for “with” is -li and follows complex vowel harmony, meaning it can take on the forms
-lı, -li, -lu, and -lü.
Examples:
Sütlü bir kahve lütfen. = A coffee with milk, please.
In the case of proper nouns, the suffix is separated with an apostrophe:
Mehmet‘le futbol maçına gittim. = I went to the soccer game with Mehmet.
With vowel endings, a y is inserted:
Kediyle oynuyorum. = I’m playing with the cat.
The suffix -li is connected to the word ile. Ile also means “with,” but “and” as well.
Examples:
Leyla ile Mecnun. = Leyla and Mecnun. – or also: Leyla with Mecnun.
Mecnun Leyla ile gezdi. = Mecnun went on a walk with Leyla.
OR: Mecnun Leyla‘yla gezdi.
14.1.2 “Without” – the suffix “-siz”
The suffix for “without” is -siz and follows complex vowel harmony as well, meaning it can take on the forms
-sız, -siz, -suz, and -süz.
Examples:
Sütsüz bir kahve lütfen. = A coffee without milk, please.
Mehmet’siz futbol maçına gittim. = I went to the soccer game without Mehmet.
14.2 “LIKE” AND “FOR”
“Like” and “for” are expressed with separate, unchangeable words in Turkish.
14.2.1 “Like”
gibi = like
Examples:
Ayı gibi bir adam. = A man like a bear. (literally: Like a bear is a man.)
Cildi ipek gibi hafif(dir). = Her skin is soft like silk. (literally: Her skin like silk is soft.)
14.2.2 “For”
için = for
Examples:
Bana futbol maçı için iki bilet lazım. = I need two tickets for the soccer game.
Bu Lale için bir hediye(dir). = This is a gift for Lale.
14.3 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
There are separate, unchangeable words for the comparative and superlative forms as well.
14.3.1 Comparative with “daha”
daha = more (similar to “-er” after an adjective), still
Examples:
İstanbul daha yakın(dır). = Istanbul is closer.
Bu masa daha küçük(tür). = This table is smaller.
In comparisons, daha is combined with the ablative, which gives us a comparative:
Lale Deniz’den daha büyük(tür). = Lale is taller than Deniz. (literally: Starting from Deniz, Lale is taller.)
Daha, when translated as “still”:
İstanbul’a daha 20 kilometre var. = It’s still 20 kilometers to Istanbul.
14.3.2 Superlative with “en”
en = most (similar to “-est” after an adjective)
Examples:
Mehmet en küçük. or also: Mehmet en küçüğü. = Mehmet is the smallest.
İstanbul Türkiye’de en büyük şehir. = Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey.
Vocabulary for Lesson 14:
alışveriş = shopping; ayı = bear; bilet = ticket; cilt = skin; daha = still, more; ders çalışmak = to study (for school, university, etc.); en = most; futbol = soccer; futbol maçı = soccer game; gezmek = to go for a walk; gibi = like; giriş = entry, entrance; görmek = to see; hediye = gift; için = for; ile = with, and; ipek = silk; kilometre = kilometer; kolay = simple, easy; maç = game, match; sel = flood; seyretmek = to watch; şehir = city; şeker = sugar; ücret = fee; yaşlı = old